The Committee on Appropriations holds the power of the purse, responsible for writing legislation that allocates federal funds to numerous government agencies, departments, and organizations. Its twelve subcommittees determine spending levels for discretionary programs across the government, after reviewing presidential budget requests and holding hearings.

The Committee on Armed Services exercises legislative oversight for the nation's military, including the Department of Defense, military research and development, nuclear energy activities, and benefits for members of the armed forces. It also handles the confirmation of presidential nominees for senior defense and military positions.

The Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) oversees matters relating to public health, education, labor standards, employment, and retirement security. It addresses issues ranging from biomedical research and food/drug safety to K-12 education, workplace safety, and private pension plans.

The Committee on Indian Affairs studies matters pertaining to American Indian, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native peoples. It handles legislation related to tribes, land management, health, education, and economic development for Native populations.