The Committee on Appropriations holds the power of the purse, responsible for writing legislation that allocates federal funds to numerous government agencies, departments, and organizations. Its twelve subcommittees determine spending levels for discretionary programs across the government, after reviewing presidential budget requests and holding hearings.

The Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation addresses a wide range of issues including interstate commerce, transportation systems, science and technology policy, space exploration, and consumer protection. It oversees agencies like the Department of Transportation, NASA, the FCC, and the FTC.

The Select Committee on Ethics administers and enforces the Senate's Code of Official Conduct, investigating allegations of improper conduct by members, officers, or employees. It issues advisory opinions, provides ethics training, and oversees financial disclosure requirements and regulations on gifts and franking privileges.

The Committee on Foreign Relations leads Senate consideration of U.S. foreign policy, including treaties, diplomatic nominations, foreign aid, and arms control. It shapes legislation concerning international relations and provides oversight of the State Department and other foreign affairs agencies.

The Committee on Indian Affairs studies matters pertaining to American Indian, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native peoples. It handles legislation related to tribes, land management, health, education, and economic development for Native populations.