The Committee on the Budget establishes the annual framework for congressional spending and revenue levels through the budget resolution process. It oversees the Congressional Budget Office and monitors federal budget enforcement, analyzing the financial impact of proposed legislation.

The Committee on Environment and Public Works deals with legislation concerning environmental protection, infrastructure projects like highways and water systems, and disaster response. Its jurisdiction includes oversight of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Army Corps of Engineers.

The Committee on Finance holds broad jurisdiction over taxation and revenue measures, the nation's debt, customs, international trade, and key social programs. It oversees Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, and unemployment benefits, shaping fiscal policy and health legislation.

The Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) oversees matters relating to public health, education, labor standards, employment, and retirement security. It addresses issues ranging from biomedical research and food/drug safety to K-12 education, workplace safety, and private pension plans.

The Committee on Veterans' Affairs handles legislation related to veterans' benefits, healthcare, housing, employment, and memorials. It provides oversight for the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and addresses issues affecting former service members.